[20140702]IF10189_加州水力压裂和用水.pdf

https:/crsreports.congress.gov July 2, 2014Hydraulic Fracturing and Water Use in CaliforniaHydraulic fracturing (sometimes referred to as fracking) is a technique that uses water, sand, and chemicals under pressure to enable or enhance the production of natural gas and crude oil from formations with low permeability. In California, recent drought and estimates of recoverable energy resources have drawn attention to the current and future impacts of fracturing on the states water quantity and quality. While available data and data gaps on water use in hydraulic fracturing are presented herein, analysis of water quality topics is beyond the scope of this discussion. Fracturing has gained attention nationally in association with energy development from shale and related tight oil formations, such as the Bakken (ND), Eagle Ford (TX), and Marcellus (PA, WV, MD). These “unconventional” formations are both sources and reservoirs for hydrocarbons. In these formations, fracturing is combined with horizontal drilling to enhance permeability to access natural gas and crude oil trapped in the shale. How Much Water Is Used in Fracturing in California? In California, fracturing historically has