[20150227]IF10140_反托拉斯案使以色列能源前景复杂化.pdf

https:/crsreports.congress.gov February 27, 2015Antitrust Case Complicates Israels Energy FutureBackground: Natural Gas Development, A Big Change for Israel In 2009 and 2010, U.S.-based exploration and production (E&P) company Noble Energy (see below for brief description), along with its private Israel-based partners, made two large natural gas discoveries offshore of Israelthe Tamar and Leviathan fields, respectively. Israel does not have a significant E&P sector and thus relies on the expertise of international companies, particularly in offshore work. These discoveries, and the production from Tamar that began in 2013, have changed Israels energy consumption mix, strengthened its energy security, lowered its carbon emissions, and led to trade benefits. Figure 1. Israels Primary Energy Fuels 2013 (Change from 2012) Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy, 2014. Notes: The percentage figures in parentheses represent changes between 2012 and 2013. In 2013, Israels total primary energy consumption was 24.2 million tonnes of oil equivalent (mtoe), compared with 24.8 mtoe in 2012. The rise in natural gas production from Tamar has mostly been consumed by Israels electric power