[20161118]IF10508_全球努力控制霍乱 .pdf

https:/crsreports.congress.gov November 18, 2016Global Efforts to Control Cholera Background Cholera is a severe diarrheal infection that is contracted by ingesting food or water contaminated with the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. The disease is found primarily in countries without sufficient access to clean water, sanitation, and hygiene. Cholera can also commonly be found in urban slums and camps for internally displaced persons or refugees. About 75% of infected people do not exhibit symptoms, although they can spread the bacterium for up to two weeks through food or water contaminated with their fecal matter. Others may experience acute diarrhea and vomitingsymptoms that could lead to severe dehydration or death within hours if not immediately treated. Common treatments include oral rehydration salts and antibiotics. Cholera vaccines provide protection for three to five years. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that each year there are between 1 and 4 million cholera cases worldwide, which cause between 21,000 and 143,000 deaths per year. People with suppressed immune conditions, such as malnourished children and people living with HIV, are more likely to die from chol