[20210114]IF11154_出口管制：主要挑战.pdf

https:/crsreports.congress.gov Updated January 14, 2021Export Controls: Key ChallengesOverview Congress has authorized the President to control the export of various items for national security, foreign policy, and economic reasons. Separate programs and statutes exist for controlling different types of exports, including nuclear materials and technology, defense articles and services, and dual-use items and technologyitems that have both civilian and military uses. Under each program, U.S. government review and licenses of various types are required before export. The Departments of Commerce, State, and Energy administer these programs, in cooperation with input from other relevant agencies. At the same time, Congress also legislates country-specific sanctions that restrict aid, trade, and other transactions to address U.S. policy concerns about weapons proliferation, regional stability, and human rights, some of which are administered by the Treasury Department. Export Control Reform Act (ECRA) Export controls have become part of the debate over U.S. technological leadership and attempts by other nations to obtain critical U.S. technology legally or illegally. Congress passed th