[20210920]IF11608_国家基础设施银行：第117届国会提案.pdf

https:/crsreports.congress.gov Updated September 20, 2021National Infrastructure Bank: Proposals in the 117th CongressIntroduction The term “infrastructure” generally refers to long-lived, capital-intensive systems and facilities in the areas of transportation, energy, water, and telecommunications. Some broader definitions also include facilities for education, recreation, and health. Although the condition and performance of these systems are generally thought to be important for the nations well-being, there is less agreement on the optimal level of infrastructure investment, how to maximize the effectiveness of spending, and the appropriate role of the federal government. State and local governments and the private sector provide the bulk of infrastructure investment. The federal role in infrastructure investment is important but limited in size and scope. For example, the federal government was responsible for 25% of total government highway outlays in 2018. The federal government supports infrastructure investment in four ways: (1) direct investment in federally owned infrastructure; (2) grants to nonfederal entities, especially state and local governments; (3) tax preferenc