[20211207]IF11987_国家火山预警系统.pdf

https:/crsreports.congress.gov December 7, 2021The National Volcano Early Warning SystemIn 2019, Congress authorized a National Volcano Early Warning and Monitoring System (NVEWS; Section 5001 of P.L. 116-9; 43 U.S.C. 31k). The law directed the Secretary of the Interior to establish NVEWS to monitor volcanoes, warn U.S. citizens of volcanic activity, and protect citizens from “undue and avoidable harm” resulting from volcanic activity. Congress is interested in a volcano early warning and monitoring system because the nation faces threats from many active volcanoes. In 2018, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS, a bureau within the Department of the Interior) published an assessment of the volcanic threat, which indicated that better monitoring is necessary for effective warnings. The USGS volcanic threat assessment assigned five threat levels (very high, high, moderate, low, and very low) to 161 volcanoes in 14 states and U.S. territories (see Figure 1).The assessment ranked 18 volcanoes as very high and 39 as high threats. Eleven of the 18 very high threat volcanoes are in Washington, Oregon, or California; five are in Alaska; and two are in Hawaii. The assessment noted that the hig