[20220311]IN11885_俄罗斯入侵乌克兰：土耳其的回应和黑海准入问题.pdf

CRS INSIGHT Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress INSIGHTINSIGHTi i Russias Invasion of Ukraine: Turkeys Response and Black Sea Access Issues March 11, 2022 Russias early 2022 invasion of Ukraine has heightened challenges North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) ally Turkey faces in balancing relations between the two countries and managing Black Sea access, with implications for U.S.-Turkey ties. In recent years, Turkeys links with Russiaespecially its 2019 acquisition of a Russian S-400 surface-to-air defense systemhave fueled major U.S.-Turkey tensions, triggering sanctions and reported informal congressional holds on arms sales. Turkeys increasing cooperation with Ukraine may have some alignment with U.S. interests in limiting Russias ability to reassert regional dominance. Turkey has made some efforts to mediate between Russia and Ukraine in the current crisis. For additional context, see CRS Report R44000, Turkey: Background and U.S. Relations In Brief, by Jim Zanotti and Clayton Thomas. Assessing Turkeys Response In its response to Russias invasion, Turkey likely hopes to minimize spillover effects to its national security and economy. While Turkey has denounced t