制裁、冲突和民主倒退

European Union Institute for Security Studies,2022.The views expressed in this publication are solely those of the author(s)and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Union.SERIESBRIEF/6May 2022SANCTIONS,CONFLICT AND DEMOCRATIC BACKSLIDINGA users manualbyClara PortelaUniversity of ValenciaUntil the annexation of Crimea led the EU to im-pose sanctions on Russia in 2014,few Europeans were aware that the Common Foreign and Security Policy(CFSP)entailed the imposition of sanctions.Member States had been enacting sanctions jointly since the early 1980s;however,in the initial decades,European measures had modest economic conse-quences.Moreover,target countries were mostly lo-cated in remote corners of the world,and their vol-ume of trade with the EU was often negligible.But this state of affairs has changed.It has become abun-dantly clear that sanctions are the most frequently deployed tool of the CFSP to react to foreign policy crises(1),and that the measures imposed are increas-ingly economic in nature.Targets now include global powers.In particular,the current raft of sanctions enacted against Russian targets in response to the invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 stand